Published Articles
2021. “Levels, Centers, and Peripheries: The Spatio-Political Structure of International Societies.” International Theory 13 (1):1-35.
2019a. “Systems, Levels, and Structural Theory: Waltz’s Theory is Not a Structural Theory (and Why that Matters for IR Today).” European Journal of International Relations 25 (3): 904-930.
2019b. “What Do We Mean by Realism? And How – and What – Does Realism Explain?” In Roberto Belloni, Vincent Della Sala, and Paul Viotti, eds. Fear and Uncertainty in Europe: The Return of Realism. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
2017. “Beyond Hierarchy.” In Ayse Zarakol, ed. Hierarchies in World Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2015a. “Normative versus Taxonomic Humanity: Varieties of Human Dignity in the Western Tradition.” Journal of Human Rights 14 (January): 1-22.
2015b. “The Discourse of Anarchy in IR.” International Theory 7 (November): 393-415.
2012a. “The Differentiation of International Societies: An Approach to Structural International Theory.” European Journal of International Relations 18 (January): 147-172.
2012b. “The Elements of the Structures of International Societies.” International Organization 66 (Autumn): 609-643.
2009a. “Rethinking Political Structures: From ‘Ordering Principles’ to ‘Vertical Differentiation’ – and Beyond,” International Theory 1 (March): 49-86.
2009b. “Yes a Myth: A Reply to Kirkup and Evans.” Human Rights Quarterly 31 (February): 239-255 (co-author with Daniel Whelan).
2009c. “The Reality of Western Support for Human Rights: A Reply to Susan L. Kang.” Human Rights Quarterly 32 (November): 1030-1054 (co-author with Daniel Whelan).
2008a. “Human Rights: Both Universal and Relative (A Reply to Michael Goodhart).” Human Rights Quarterly 30 (February): 194-204.
2008b. “Human Rights and Social Provision.” Journal of Human Rights 7 (June): 123-138.
2008c. “The Ethics of Realism.” In Christian Reus-Smit and Duncan Snidal, eds., The Oxford Handbook of International Relations. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2007a. “The Relative Universality of Human Rights.” Human Rights Quarterly 29 (May): 281-306.
2007b. “The West, Economic and Social Rights, and the Global Human Rights Regime: Setting the Record Straight.” Human Rights Quarterly 29 (November): 908-949 (co-author with Daniel Whelan).
2006. “Sovereign Inequalities and Hierarchy in Anarchy: American Power and International Society.” European Journal of International Relations 12 (June): 139-170.
2002. “Genocide and Humanitarian Intervention.” Journal of Human Rights 1 (March): 93-109.
1999. “Human Rights, Democracy, and Development.” Human Rights Quarterly 21 (August): 608-632.
1998. “Human Rights: A New Standard of Civilization?” International Affairs 74 (January): 1-24.
1988b. “Human Rights at the UN, 1955-85: The Question of Bias.” International Studies Quarterly 32 (September): 275-303.
1986b. “Human Dignity, Human Rights and Political Regimes.” American Political Science Review 80 (September): 801-17 (co-author with Rhoda E. Howard).
1986c. “International Human Rights: A Regime Analysis.” International Organization 40 (Summer): 599-642.
1985b. “In Search of the Unicorn: The Jurisprudence of the Right to Development,” and “The Theology of the Right to Development: A Reply to Alston,” California Western International Law Journal 15 (Summer): 473-509, 519-23.
1984b. “Human Rights and Development: Complementary or Competing Concerns?” World Politics 36 (January): 255-83.
1982c. “Human Rights and Human Dignity: An Analytic Critique of Non-Western Human Rights Conceptions.” American Political Science Review 76 (June): 303-16.
1980. “Natural Law and Right in Aquinas’ Political Thought.” Western Political Quarterly 33 (December): 520-35.